Growing Herbs
Herbs are so
adaptable, anyone can grow them! From a windowsill to a garden plot to
multiacre plots, employing basic horticultural plant-growing techniques
usually results in success. Like all vegetable
plants, herbs need adequate light, water and soil nutrients to produce
high-quality plants. While some herbs are "weedy," with the apparent
ability to grow "anywhere," the home gardener or commercial producer
should provide adequate soil preparation and pay attention to soil pH,
temperature extremes, potential pests and other environmental variables. Herbs can be grown via direct seeding, as is the
case with dill, or set out as transplants from greenhouse sources, as
is done with French tarragon. Our long daylight hours during early
summer stimulate vigorous growth for annual, biennial and perennial
herbs.
Some herbs that
are perennial, such as rosemary, can be grown only as annuals in our
northern region. The popular herb, parsley, is a biennial grown as an
annual for its well-known tasty and aromatic foliage.
Top Ten Herbs for Cooking!
Listed are the
"Top 10" herbs for growing in upper Midwestern prairie gardens and for
culinary purposes. The selection of these 10 herbs was based on direct
experience in growing and culinary use, along with the belief they have
ornamental or environmental value. You certainly have more herbs to
consider, and I hope this serves as inspiration to grow and use all the
herbs in preparing meals.
Anise Hyssop (Agastache foeniculum)
Anise hyssop is
hardy to Zone 4 (Red River Valley and southern three-fourths of North
Dakota). American Indians used anise hyssop as a sweetener and in
preparing teas and infusions. A member of the mint family, this species
can be sown directly or transplanted. It grows best in sunny locations
and apparently is not soil pH-sensitive.
High-quality plant
production requires irrigation and a balanced fertilization regime.
Plants wilt easily under hot, dry conditions. The foliage and flowers
are harvested for culinary purposes. The blue to purple flowers are
borne on terminal spikes of the stem or branches and are extremely
attractive to honeybees, butterflies and hummingbirds.
Basil (Ocimum basilicum)
Basil is an annual
herb that is very cold-sensitive. Planting it outside too early will
result in reduced yield or death of the plantings. It grows readily from
seed when sown in warm, moist soil. In North Dakota, transplants often
are set out in gardens when the soil has warmed to about 68 degrees.
Full sun and well-drained soil, along with balanced nutrition, are
essential for success.
Regular watering via
a drip hose or microirrigation is useful because overhead watering
often leads to fungal disease development. Continue pinching the center
of the plant to discourage flowering and harvest the tender new shoots
that result for culinary purposes. Handle carefully because basil
foliage will darken if bruised.
Many types of
basil, including Genovese, holy, lemon, cinnamon and purple basil, grow
well in North Dakota. Because of the wide phenotypic character of this
species, basil plantings for ornamental purposes are common.
Chamomile (Matricaria recutita)
Chamomile, or
German chamomile, is an easily grown annual that some might classify as a
"weed" because it is easy to grow and reseed. This is an herb with
attractive ornamental qualities due to the profusion of flowers it
produces, which are used in preparing teas. Chamomile is among the least
fussy herbs to grow and adapts well to many types of soil.
Chives (Allium schoenoprasum)
Chives are a
sure-fire confidence builder for the most amateur gardeners. This hardy
perennial can be seed sown directly into the site or moved in via
divided transplants. The pink to bright purple flowers form globular
heads at the top of the plant that attract any honeybee in the
vicinity. Chives will self-seed readily and should be dead-headed to
prevent volunteer plants from coming up in unwanted places. They often
are used as border plants that will not get out of control. Like
chamomile, it is not particular about soil conditions, needing only full
sunlight to look and produce its best. This herb, along with parsley,
can be grown in containers.
Cilantro, Coriander (Coriandrum sativum)
Depending on the intended use, cilantro and coriander refer to the same plant. When grown for the foliage,  it can
be referred to as cilantro, as well as Chinese parsley or Mexican
parsley. When grown for its seeds, it often is referred to as coriander.
Although drought resistant, this annual requires full sunlight and
regular watering for best production. It should be sown directly into
the garden, not transplanted. This widely used herb is popular in many
ethnic cuisines, including Mexican, Chinese, South American and
Vietnamese. Before becoming popular in culinary dishes, it was thought
to be an aphrodisiac and was distilled as a love potion in the Middle
Ages.
Dill (Anethum graveolens)
Dill, a highly
versatile culinary herb fresh and dry, is one of the most commonly grown
annual herbs in the upper Midwest. The seeds, leaves and seeds in
umbels are all used. It produces small yellow flowers, which quickly
become seeds. Dill thrives in cool weather, which allows it to be sown
early in the spring. It bolts (goes to seed) when the temperatures rise.
If an objective is to use the greenery from the plants, then
slow-bolting cultivars such as 'Bouquet' or 'Dukat' should be selected.
If use of the seed is desired, wait until the seed has turned brown in
the umbel. Cut the plant and hang it upside down to collect the seeds on
a drop cloth.
Garlic (Allium sativum)
Garlic, a
fall-planted perennial herb, has grown in popularity with home gardeners
during the past decade. Propagated from cloves, the larger outside ones
usually are selected to provide the largest bulb the following summer.
Place cloves pointed side up, 3 inches below the soil surface sometime
after Columbus Day in the fall. The soil will have enough warmth to
stimulate root growth and initiate stem growth, but the garlic should
not break through the soil surface until the following spring.
The cloves are harvested when the foliage begins to "flag" or turn yellow, which should be late August or early
September. After harvesting, the bulbs should be allowed to cure for a
day or two in a shady location with good air circulation.
Storing garlic can be fun; simply braid the foliage together and hang in the kitchen for convenient use.
Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)
Whether the
lavender plant is a perennial depends on the cultivar selection,
microclimate location and amount of snow cover. Perhaps your best option
is to consider it an annual and be pleasantly surprised if it should
survive a winter. To have any chance of overwintering successfully,
lavender should be planted in soil with excellent drainage and in full
sun, preferably on a south-facing slope. Lavender can be propagated via
direct seeding (burying the seed about 1/4 inch deep), by stem cuttings
taken in the fall, or by division of the root system. In the spring,
shear the plants back heavily to stimulate new growth and to remove the
winter-killed branch ends.
Like other members
of the mint family and most herbs, lavender will not need high levels
of fertility. If given adequate winter protection and moisture
throughout the summer months, lavender plants will produce an abundance
of flowers that last only about a week but attract butterflies,
hummingbirds and honeybees during that time. If the flowers are
harvested before seed set, usually a second blooming period can be
experienced. Air-dried flowers can retain their aroma for several weeks.
'Hidcote' and 'Munstead' are among the hardiest of cultivars; however, none is reliably hardy.
Oregano (Origanum vulgare)
Oregano is perhaps
the most confusing of the herbs because its types vary widely in growth
habit, hardiness and flavor. Several Greek and Italian types are hardy
in Zone 4 if provided winter protection.
American teens are
familiar with oregano because of their high consumption of pizza. Fresh
oregano is unequaled for flavor and aroma enhancement in Italian
dishes.
Like the other
Mediterranean herbs, it needs a warm, sunny location and well-drained
soil to thrive. It usually is started from seed in a greenhouse and
transplanted outdoors after frost threats have passed. Also, like other
herbs, the flavor will be best if you keep fertilization to a minimum
and you add phosphorus and potassium at the end of the growing season to
help in developing winter hardiness.
Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus)
French tarragon is har  dy in Zone 4 if given sufficient winter protection. Russian tarragon is even hardier. French tarragon
has a distinct licorice scent, while the Russian does not. Russian
tarragon will grow to 6 feet tall and tends to spread from the seed it
produces; French tarragon will grow to just 2 feet tall.
This is one of the few herbs that can be grown in full sunlight or
partial shade. The other cultural requirements - well-drained soil, not
overwatering and modest fertility - are the same as with most other
herbs.
Harvesting Herbs When
using herbs for meal preparation, timing is everything to maximize
flavor. Generally, herbs should be harvested before the heat of the day
but after the dew has dried. This captures optimal aroma and cuts down
on the potential of spreading disease among the plantings. Herbs Suitable for Container Gardening If
you lack garden space, consider your windowsills. Several herbs,
including basil, parsley, marjoram, chives, mint and rosemary, are
well-suited for growing in pots. Herbs can be started from seed or
transplanted from outdoor plantings. Place potted herbs in a sunny
window and care for them like houseplants.
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